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Norwegian (bokmål) Language

Norwegian (bokmål) language

Bokmål (lit. "book language") is the most commonly used of two official written standards of Norwegian, the other being Nynorsk. Bokmål is used by around 85-90% of the population (regardless of spoken dialect) and is the standard most commonly taught to foreign students of Norwegian. Bokmål and Riksmål (see below) are based mostly on written Danish and also adhere more closely to the Eastern Norwegian, particularly the prestigious variants spoken around the capital of Oslo. The various dialects of Norwegian that are traditionally written using Bokmål orthography are the ones that have, over the generations evolved away from Old Norse under the influence of Danish and Low German. In contrast, the west-coast dialects that are commonly written using Nynorsk, retain certain features typical of the older form of the language. Previously, the official term for Bokmål was Riksmål. The latter name is still used for an unofficial writing standard that is more conservative than Bokmål and is now used by a minority of the population.

External link

- [http://www.lovdata.no/cgi-wift/ldles?doc=/sf/sf/sf-20050401-0277.html Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar] - Legal document in Norwegian listing which counties and minicipalities have declared their official written standard to be specifically Bokmål, Nynorsk or undeclared. (Note that six municipalities have declared Northern Sami co-official in addition with Norwegian). Category:Norwegian language ja:ブークモール

Orthography

The orthography of a language is the set of rules of how to write correctly in the writing system of a language. The term is derived from Greek ορθο ortho- ("correct") and γραφος graphos ("that writes") and, in today's sense, includes spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. Orthography is distinct from typography. An example of an orthographic rule for English is: i before e except after c.
- Writing systems:
- Logogram
- Syllabary
- Alphabet
- Abjad
- Abugida
- Writing rules and components:
- Spelling
- Punctuation
- Collation
- Letter case and capitalization
- Majuscule
- Minuscule
- Diacritic
- Stroke order
- Eight Principles of Yong
- Radical (Chinese character)

Reference

- Smalley, W.A. (ed.) 1964. Orthography studies: articles on new writing systems, United Bible Society, London. Category:Writing zh-min-nan:Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat als:Orthographie ja:正書法 simple:Orthography

Nynorsk

Nynorsk ("new Norwegian") is one of the two officially sanctioned written standards of Norwegian. It is used as the primary written language by 10-15% of Norwegian speakers in Norway. Nynorsk is a constructed written standard modelled on what was considered the common denominator of the various Norwegian dialects. It is considered more of a rural language by some, especially those who write in the majority standard, Bokmål, which is mainly derived from an older form of written Danish. The name itself, which means "New Norwegian", was chosen to distinguish the new written language from Old Norwegian, of which it claimed to be a direct linguistic descendant, as well as from the prestigious standard of the urban elite, which at that time was virtually identical to written Danish. (Compare the name of the proposed New Kypchak language. See also article on Language revival.) Bokmål means "book language" which indicates that it is actually a written language, whereas many spoken dialects are in fact closer to Nynorsk than to Bokmål, more so than the 10-15% usage would suggest. However neither of the two systems of writing is actually a dialect per se, but rather is one of two acceptable orthographies. Most dialects are traditionally written using the orthography of Bokmål, even though many dialects deviate significantly in their spoken form from the written standard. A few dialects are not particularly compatible with either official standard, while some could theoretically employ either form. The various dialects of Norwegian that are traditionally written using Bokmål orthography are the ones that have, over the generations evolved away from Old Norse under the influence of Danish and Low German. In contrast, the west-coast dialects that are commonly written using Nynorsk, retain certain features typical of the older form of the language. The situation between Bokmål and Nynorsk remains to this day very much a socio-political one, alongside being a socio-linguistic and one of regional culture. Aside from Bokmål and Nynorsk, there is a more conservative variant of Nynorsk called Høgnorsk, which is claimed to be even more valid and exact in terms of spelling and grammar than Nynorsk as a Norwegian language without Danish influence. Nynorsk was originally intended to draw on all the dialects of Norway and counter the influence by Danish and Low German and thus a hypothetical form of how the language would have evolved without these continental influences. Ivar Aasen is considered the founding father of Nynorsk. The son of a farmer from the northern part of western Norway, Aasen desired a written standard of Norwegian that better reflected the genuine dialects of the country, as a different language from the Danish that was the only written language at the time. He travelled throughout Norway during the 1840s-50s, gathering information to build a truly Norwegian written language closer to these spoken dialects. He chose to build the new language mainly on the dialects of the western and inner parts of the country, because he thought the dialects in these areas had not been influenced by Danish as much as the dialects in eastern Norway. As an example, compare these two phrases in Nynorsk, Bokmål, English and Danish:
- Bokmål: Jeg kommer fra Norge.
- Nynorsk: Eg kjem frå Noreg.
- English: I come from Norway.
- Danish: Jeg kommer fra Norge.

External link

Danish language

Danish (dansk) belongs to the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages), a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken by around 5.5 million people mainly in Denmark including some 50,000 people in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, where it holds the status of minority language. Danish also holds official status and is a mandatory subject in school in the former Danish colonies of Greenland and the Faroe Islands, that now enjoy limited autonomy. In Iceland, which was a part of Denmark until 1944, Danish is still the second foreign language taught in schools (although a few learn Swedish or Norwegian instead). The language started diverging from the common ancestor language Old Norse sometime during the 13th century and became more distinct from the other emerging Scandinavian national languages with the first bible translation in 1550, establishing an orthography differing from that of Swedish, though written Danish is usually far easier for Swedes to understand than the spoken language. Modern spoken Danish is characterized by a very strong tendency of reduction of many sounds making it particularly difficult for foreigners to understand and properly master, not just by reputation but by sheer phonetic reality.

Classification and related languages

Danish belongs to the East Scandinavian languages, together with Swedish. Though Norwegian is classified as a West Scandinavian language together with Faroese and Icelandic, a more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility places Icelandic and Faroese in a separate Insular Scandinavian branch while Norwegian is considered to be a Mainland Scandinavian language and grouped with Danish and Swedish. Written Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are particularly close, though the phonology and prosody of all three languages differ somewhat. Proficient speakers of any of the three languages can understand the others, though studies have shown that speakers of Norwegian generally understand both Danish and Swedish far better than Swedes or Danes understand any of the other languages.

History

Bokmål. The red area is the distribution of the dialect Old West Norse; the orange area is the spread of the dialect Old East Norse. The pink area is Old Gutnish and the green area is the extent of the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility.]] In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had undergone some changes and evolved into Old Norse. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted the appearance of two similar dialects, Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialect was the same in the two countries. The dialects are called runic due to the fact that the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which only had 16 letters. Due to the limited number of runes, some runes were used for a range of phonemes, such as the rune for the vowel u which was also used for the vowels o, ø and y, and the rune for i which was also used for e. A change that separated Old East Norse (Runic Swedish/Danish) from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong æi (Old West Norse ei) to the monophthong e, as in stæin to sten. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin. There was also a change of au as in dauðr into ø as in døðr. This change is shown in runic inscriptions as a change from tauþr into tuþr. Moreover, the øy (Old West Norse ey) diphthong changed into ø as well, as in the Old Norse word for "island". From 1100 and onwards, the dialect of Denmark began to diverge from that of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark which created a series of minor dialectal boundaries, isoglosses, ranging from Zealand to Svealand. Some famous authors of works in Danish are existential philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, prolific fairy tale author Hans Christian Andersen, and playwright Ludvig Holberg. Three 20th century Danish authors have become Nobel Prize laureates in Literature: Karl Adolph Gjellerup and Henrik Pontoppidan (joint recipients in 1917) and Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (awarded 1944). Danish was once widely spoken in the northeast counties of England. Many Danish derived words such as gate (gade) for street, still survive in Yorkshire and other parts of eastern England colonized by Danish Vikings. The city of York was once the Danish settlement of Jorvik. The first translation of the Bible in Danish was published in 1550.

Geographical distribution

Danish is the official language of Denmark, one of two official languages of Greenland (the other is Greenlandic), and one of two official languages of the Faeroes (the other is Faeroese). In addition, there is a small community of Danish speakers in Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized and protected regional language. Furthermore, it is one of the official languages of the European Union.

Dialects

Standard Danish (rigsdansk or rigsmål) is the language based on dialects spoken in and around the capital of Copenhagen. Unlike Swedish and Norwegian, Danish does not have more than one regional speech norm. More than 20% of all Danish speakers live in the metropolitan area and most government agencies, institutions and major businesses keep their main offices in Copenhagen, something that has resulted in a very homogeneous national speech norm. Though Oslo and Stockholm are quite dominant in terms of speech standards, cities like Bergen, Gothenburg and the Malmö-Lund region are large and influential enough to create secondary regional norms, making the standard language more varied than is the case with Danish. The general agreement is that Standard Danish is based on a form of Copenhagen dialect, but the specific norm is, as with most language norms, difficult to pinpoint for both laymen and linguists. More distinct "genuine" dialects still exist in smaller communities, but most speakers in these areas generally speak a regionalized form of Standard Danish. Usually an adaption of the local dialect to rigsdansk is spoken, though code-changing between the neutralized norm and a distinct dialect is common. Danish dialects are divided into three general dialect groups:
- Østdansk ("Eastern Danish)
- Ødansk ("Island Danish")
- Jysk ("Jutlandish") Historically, Eastern Danish includes what is today considered Southern Swedish dialects like Scanian and the dialect spoken on the island of Bornholm in the Baltic between the coasts Sweden and Germany. The background for this lies in the loss of originally Danish provinces like Blekinge, Halland and Skåne to Sweden in 1658. While many similarities can be found in Southern Swedish and the Bornholm-dialect, they are more similar to the modern national standards than to each other. The Bornholm-dialect has also maintained a distinction between three grammatical genders, rather than just two in Standard Danish and lacks the diphthongs used in the standard language.

Sounds

The sound system of Danish is in many ways unique among the world's languages. It is quite prone to considerable reduction and assimilation of both consonants and vowels even in very formal standard language. A rare feature is the presence of a prosodic feature called stød in Danish (lit. "push; thrust"), which is a form of laryngealization or creaky voice, and can in certain minimal pairs be the only distinguishing feature. Stød is a Danish development of the common Scandinavian word accents found in most dialects of Norwegian and Swedish, including the national standard languages, but which are tonal accents.

Vowels

Consonants

are devoiced in all contexts and hence realized as . often have slight frication, but are usually pronounced as pure approximants, and hence being rendered as . has been lost from the pronunciation of all but the oldest speakers. No distinction between and / is made in certain contexts, such as after , between short vowels and in word-final position. Hence lappe and labbe are rendered . The combination of is realized as , making it possible to postulate a tentative -phoneme in Danish. often has a syllabic function as a semivowel.

Prosody

Unlike the neighboring Mainland Scandinavian languages Swedish and Norwegian, the prosody of Danish does not have phonemic pitch. Stress is phonemic in and distinguishes words like such as ['bilist] "cheapest" and [bi'list] "car driver".

Grammar

:Main article: Danish grammar The infinitive forms of most Danish verbs end in a vowel, which in almost all cases is the letter e. Verbs are conjugated according to tense, but otherwise do not vary according to person or number. For example the present tense form of the Danish infinitive verb spise ("to eat") is spiser; this form is the same regardless of whether the subject is in the first, second, or third person, or whether it is singular or plural. This extreme ease of conjugating verbs is made up for by the many irregular verbs in the language. Danish nouns fall into two grammatical genders: common and neuter. While the majority of nouns (ca. 90%) have the common gender and neuter is often used for inanimate objects, the genders of nouns are not generally predictable and must in most cases be memorized. A distinctive feature of the Scandinavian languages, including Danish, is an enclitic definite article. To demonstrate: The common gender word "a man" (indefinite) is en mand but "the man" (definite) is manden. The neuter equivalent would be "a house" (indefinite) et hus, "the house" (definite) huset. Even though the definite and indefinite articles have separate origins, they have become homographs. In the plural the definite articles is -ene, whereas there is no indefinite article in the plural. The enclitic article is not used when an adjective is added to the noun; here the demonstrative pronoun is used instead: den store mand "the big man" and "the big house", det store hus Like most Germanic languages (but not English), Danish joins compound nouns. A clear example is kvindehåndboldlandsholdet, "the female handball national team". In some cases, these nouns are joined with an extra s, like landsmand (from land, "country", and mand, "man", meaning "compatriot"), but landmand (from same roots, meaning "farmer"). Some words are joined with an extra e, like gæstebog (from gæst and bog, meaning "guest book").

Vocabulary

Most Danish words are derived from the Old Norse language, with new words formed by compounding. A large percentage of Danish words, however, hails from Middle Low German (for example, betale = to pay, måske = maybe). Later on, standard German and French and now English have superseded Low German influence. Because English and Danish are related languages, many common words are very similar in the two languages. For example, the following Danish words are easily recognizable in their written form to English speakers: have, over, under, for, kat. When pronounced, these words sound quite different from their English equivalents, however. In addition, the suffix by, meaning "town", occurs in several English placenames, such as Whitby and Selby, as remnants of the Viking occupation.

Numerals

Danish numerals are in part based on a vigesimal system similar to that of French not shared with the other Scandinavian languages. This means that the score (i.e. 20, tyve) is used as a base number: Tres (short for tresindstyve, which is archaic) means 3 times 20, that is 60. The archaic ending -indstyve is never omitted when forming ordinal numbers between 50 and 99, so that "seventy-two" is usually rendered tooghalvfjers whereas "seventy-second" becomes tooghalvfjersindstyvende. Also, the first and second digits of numbers higher than 20 are reversed when spoken, such that 21 is said enogtyve (one and twenty). This is similar to German and also to some variants of Bokmål Norwegian (sometimes known as Riksmål). Many Danes are unaware of the vigesimal roots of these numerals. The numeral halvanden means one and a half (literally "half second", i.e. the first plus half of the second). See the table below for the full list.

Writing system

Danish is written using the Latin alphabet, with three additional letters: æ, ø, and å, which come at the end of the Danish alphabet, in that order. A spelling reform in 1948 introduced the letter å, already in use in Norwegian and Swedish, into the Danish alphabet to replace the letter aa; the old usage still occurs in some personal and geographical names and old documents (for example, the name of the city of Ålborg is often spelled Aalborg). Aa is treated just like å in alphabetical sorting, even though it looks like two letters. The same spelling reform changed the spelling of a few common words, such as vilde, kunde and skulde, to their current forms of ville, kunne and skulle, and did away with the practice of capitalising all nouns, which German still does. Modern Danish and Norwegian use the same alphabet, though spelling differs somewhat.

External links

- [http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?k1=23 All free Danish dictionaries]
- [http://www.ordnet.dk/ods/ Dictionary of the Danish Language]
- [http://www.speakdanish.dk/index.html "Speak Danish" 10 day intensive online course]
- [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=dan Ethnologue report for Danish]
- [http://www.dsn.dk/omdsn_en.htm Information on the Danish language]
- [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Danish/ Dictionary] with Danish- English Translations from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition
- [http://hjem.tele2adsl.dk/johnmadsen/Danish/danish.html Danish grammar]
- [http://www.loecsen.com/travel/discover_pop.php?lang=en&to_lang=19&learn-Danish/ Hear and learn useful expressions in Danish] Category:Danish language Category:Guttural R Category:Languages of Denmark Category:Languages of Germany Category:North Germanic languages ko:덴마크어 ja:デンマーク語

Orthography

Reference

Danish language

Classification and related languages

History

Geographical distribution

Dialects

Sounds

Vowels

Consonants

Prosody

Grammar

Vocabulary

Numerals

Writing system

External links

Plattdüütsch

Plattdüütsch (also called Low German or Low Saxon) is a name for the regional language varieties spoken mainly in northern Germany, southern Denmark and eastern Netherlands. Also, there are some speakers in the coastal areas of Poland, and immigrant communities in several places of the world, for instance in Canada. The ISO 639-2 language code for Plattdüütsch is nds since May 2000.

Official status

Since 1999, Plattdüütsch has been recognised by Germany as a regional language according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Dialects

- West Low German
- Northern Low Saxon language
- Westphalian language
- Eastphalian language
- Westplatt
- East Low German
- Mecklenburgisch-Pommersch
- Brandenburgisch
- East Pomeranian
- Low Prussian
- Plautdietsch The Northern Low Saxon language serves as a common intelligible language in TV and Wireless programmes.

Classification and related languages

Plattdüütsch is a part of the West Germanic dialect continuum. To the West, it fades to the Low Franconian languages which distinguish two plural verbal endings, opposed to a common verbal plural ending in Plattdüütsch. To the South, it fades to the High Germanic dialects of Middle German that have been affected by the High German consonant shift. The division is usually drawn at the Benrath line that traces the maken – machen isogloss. To the East, it is neighboured by the Polish language. To the North and Northwest, it is neighboured by the Danish language and by the Frisian language. Note that in Germany, Plattdüütsch has replaced the Frisian in many regions so that the Saterland Frisian is entirely surrounded by Plattdüütsch. Plattdüütsch has commonality with the English language, the Scandinavian languages and Frisian in that it has not been influenced by the High German sound shift. Therefore a lot of Plattdüütsch words sound similar to their English counterparts. For instance: water , later , bit , dish , ship , pull , good , clock , sail , he , storm . The grammar also shows similarities to the English language. Plattdüütsch declination has only three cases. In the northern dialects the participle is formed without the prefix ge-, like the Scandinavian languages and English, but unlike Dutch and German. The syntax on the other hand is more like German syntax, though there are some differences. It should be noted that e- is used instead of ge- in most Southern (below Groningen in the Netherlands + Westphalia) dialects, though often not when the participle ends with -en or in a few often used words like 'west' (been).

History

Old Saxon was the ancestor of Plattdüütsch recorded from about 800 to 1100. Middle Low German was the ancestor of Plattdüütsch recorded from about 1100 to 1500. It was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League, spoken all around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

Trivia

The Plattdüütsch greeting formula Moin and its duplication MoinMoin gave the name for the WikiWiki MoinMoin Project http://moin.sourceforge.net/ There are plans to create a computer vocabulary for lower German in order to translate Desktop environments such as KDE and GNOME. [http://platt.gnome-de.org/index.php]

Resources

There is a lot of information about the Plattdüütsch to be found online. A selection of these links can be found on this page, which will provide a good frame work to understand the history, current situation and features of the language. Information:
- [http://www.lowlands-l.net/talk/eng/lowsaxon.html What is Low Saxon?] An introduction article to Plattdüütsch;
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=768 Ethnologue report for Low Saxon] (kind of unprecise, but Ethnologue are not planning an update any time soon)
- [http://www.lowlands-l.net/index.php?page=links_nds List of links], provided by the Lowlands List;
- [http://taal.phileon.nl/nds/ Streektaal.net], information in and about various Plattdüütsch dialects;
- [http://www.sassisch.net/rhahn/low-saxon/plattewelt.htm Nu is de Welt platt!] All known resources in and about Plattdüütsch;
- [http://home.wxs.nl/~obd/obo/platt/ned.htm Niederdeutsch/Plattdeutsch in Westfalen], by Olaf Bordasch;
- [http://www.plattdeutsch.net/ Mönsterlänner Plat], by Klaus-Werner Kahl;
- [http://www.geocities.com/tizariio/ Tizárrio's Veluywse websyde], by Tizáriio Ilaino; Organizations:
- [http://www.vandeinse.nl/ Van Deinse Instituut] (Twente, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.ijsselacademie.nl/ IJsselacademie] (Overijssel and Veluwe, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.staringinstituut.nl/ Staring Instituut] (Achterhoek, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.oostfreeske-taal.de/ Oostfreeske Taal] (Eastern Friesland, Germany)
- [http://www.drentsetaol.nl/ Drentse Taol] (Drenthe, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.stellingwarfs.nl/ Stichting Stellingwarver Schrieversronte] (Friesland, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.sont.nl/ SONT] (General, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.ins-bremen.de/ Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache e.V.] (General, Germany) If your organisation isn't listed here, feel free to add it. Writers:
- [http://www.literadies.de/ Gertrud Everding] (Northern Low Saxon - Hamburg, Germany)
- [http://www.numanto.de/ Marlou Lessing] (Northern Low Saxon - Hamburg, Germany)
- [http://www.sassisch.net/rhahn/kramer/ Clara Kramer-Freudenthal] (Northern Low Saxon - Norderstedt, Germany)
- [http://www.johan-veenstra.nl/ Johan Veenstra] (Stellingwarfs - Friesland, the Netherlands) Musicians:
- [http://www.skik.nl/ Skik] (Drents/Dutch - Drenthe, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.jan-cornelius.de/ Jan Cornelius] (East Frisian - Ostfriesland, Germany)
- [http://www.torf.nl/ Törf] (Gronings - Groningen, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.eltjedoddema.nl/ Eltje Doddema] (Veenkoloniaals - Groningen, the Netherlands)
- [http://www.bohfoitoch.nl/ Boh foi toch] (Achterhoeks - Gelderland, the Netherlands) Not organized links:
- http://www.plattmaster.de/
- http://www.platt-online.de/
- http://www.zfn-ratzeburg.de/ Category:Low Germanic languages ja:低ザクセン語

Riksmål

Riksmål was the name of one of the two official standards for writing the Norwegian language between 1907 and 1929 (the other one being Landsmål). Today, the name Riksmål is used about a conservative variant of the written standard Bokmål, a variant which stays closer to Danish than the official norm.

Fylke

Norway is divided into 19 administrative regions, called counties (Norwegian: singular fylke, plural fylker (Bokmål) / fylke (Nynorsk); until 1918 known as amt, pl. amter / amt), and 433 municipalities (kommune, pl. kommuner / kommunar). The capital Oslo is considered as both a county and a municipality. There is some political disagreement on whether counties are a practical or indeed necessary level of administration. See politics of Norway for more information.

List of counties

politics of Norway Below is an alphabetical list of the Norwegian counties with their administrative centres. The county numbers shown in the map belong to the official numbering system ISO 3166-2:NO, which starts from the south east, goes via the inland and the coast, and ends to the north. The number 13 was omitted from the system when Bergen (county no. 13) was merged into Hordaland (county no. 12) in 1972.
- Akershus – Oslo
- Aust-Agder – Arendal
- Buskerud – Drammen
- Finnmark – Vadsø
- Hedmark – Hamar
- Hordaland – Bergen
- Møre og Romsdal – Molde
- Nordland – Bodø
- Nord-Trøndelag – Steinkjer
- Oppland – Lillehammer
- Oslo – Oslo
- Østfold – Sarpsborg
- Rogaland – Stavanger
- Sogn og Fjordane – Leikanger
- Sør-Trøndelag – Trondheim
- Telemark – Skien
- Troms – Tromsø
- Vest-Agder – Kristiansand
- Vestfold – Tønsberg

Municipalities of Norway

Norway is divided into 19 administrative regions, called counties (fylker, singular - fylke), and 433 municipalities (kommuner). Oslo (the capital) is considered as both a county and a municipality. Municipalities are the atomic unit of local government in Norway and are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. Law enforcement and church services are provided at a national level in Norway. Municipalities do not collect taxes directly but are instead awarded block grants through the national budget. Municipalities are undergoing continuous consolidation. In the beginning of the 1960s, there were 744 municipalities in Norway. At this writing there are 433, and there are plans for further mergers and political pressure to do so. The consolidation effort is complicated by a number of factors. Since block grants are made by the national government to the municipalities based on an assessment of need, there is little incentive for the municipalities to lose local autonomy. The national policy is that municipalities should only merge voluntarily, and studies are underway to identify potential gains. There are also an alphabetical list of municipalities in Norway and a list by municipality number.

Akershus

- Asker
- Aurskog-Høland
- Bærum
- Eidsvoll
- Enebakk
- Fet
- Frogn
- Gjerdrum
- Hurdal
- Lørenskog
- Nannestad
- Nes
- Nesodden
- Nittedal
- Oppegård
- Rælingen
- Skedsmo
- Ski
- Sørum
- Ullensaker
- Vestby
- Ås

Aust-Agder

- Arendal
- Birkenes
- Bygland
- Bykle
- Evje og Hornnes
- Froland
- Gjerstad
- Grimstad
- Iveland
- Lillesand
- Risør
- Tvedestrand
- Valle
- Vegårshei
- Åmli

Buskerud

- Drammen
- Flesberg
- Flå
- Gol
- Hemsedal
- Hol
- Hole
- Hurum
- Kongsberg
- Krødsherad
- Lier
- Modum
- Nedre Eiker
- Nes
- Nore og Uvdal
- Ringerike
- Rollag
- Røyken
- Sigdal
- Øvre Eiker
- Ål

Finnmark

- Alta
- Berlevåg
- Båtsfjord
- Gamvik
- Hammerfest
- Hasvik
- Karasjok
- Kautokeino
- Kvalsund
- Lebesby
- Loppa
- Måsøy
- Nesseby
- Nordkapp
- Porsanger
- Sør-Varanger
- Tana
- Vadsø
- Vardø

Hedmark

- Alvdal
- Eidskog
- Elverum
- Engerdal
- Folldal
- Grue
- Hamar
- Kongsvinger
- Løten
- Nord-Odal
- Os
- Rendalen
- Ringsaker
- Stange
- Stor-Elvdal
- Sør-Odal
- Tolga
- Trysil
- Tynset
- Våler
- Åmot
- Åsnes

Hordaland

- Askøy
- Austevoll
- Austrheim
- Bergen
- Bømlo
- Eidfjord
- Etne
- Fedje
- Fitjar
- Fjell
- Fusa
- Granvin
- Jondal
- Kvam
- Kvinnherad
- Lindås
- Masfjorden
- Meland
- Modalen
- Odda
- Os
- Osterøy
- Radøy
- Samnanger
- Stord
- Sund
- Sveio
- Tysnes
- Ullensvang
- Ulvik
- Vaksdal
- Voss
- Øygarden

Møre og Romsdal

- Aukra
- Aure
- Averøy
- Eide
- Frei
- Fræna
- Giske
- Gjemnes
- Halsa
- Haram
- Hareid
- Herøy
- Kristiansund
- Midsund
- Molde
- Nesset
- Norddal
- Rauma
- Rindal
- Sande
- Sandøy
- Skodje
- Smøla
- Stordal
- Stranda
- Sula
- Sunndal
- Surnadal
- Sykkylven
- Tingvoll
- Tustna
- Ulstein
- Vanylven
- Vestnes
- Volda
- Ørskog
- Ørsta
- Ålesund

Nordland

- Alstahaug
- Andøy
- Ballangen
- Beiarn
- Bindal
- Bodø
- Brønnøy
- Bø
- Dønna
- Evenes
- Fauske
- Flakstad
- Gildeskål
- Grane
- Hadsel
- Hamarøy
- Hattfjelldal
- Hemnes
- Herøy
- Leirfjord
- Lurøy
- Lødingen
- Meløy
- Moskenes
- Narvik
- Nesna
- Rana
- Rødøy
- Røst
- Saltdal
- Sortland
- Steigen
- Sømna
- Sørfold
- Tjeldsund
- Træna
- Tysfjord
- Vefsn
- Vega
- Vestvågøy
- Vevelstad
- Vågan
- Værøy
- Øksnes

Nord-Trøndelag

- Flatanger
- Fosnes
- Frosta
- Grong
- Høylandet
- Inderøy
- Leka
- Leksvik
- Levanger
- Lierne
- Meråker
- Mosvik
- Namdalseid
- Namsos
- Namsskogan
- Nærøy
- Overhalla
- Røyrvik
- Snåsa
- Steinkjer
- Stjørdal
- Verdal
- Verran
- Vikna

Oppland

- Dovre
- Etnedal
- Gausdal
- Gjøvik
- Gran
- Jevnaker
- Lesja
- Lillehammer
- Lom
- Lunner
- Nord-Aurdal
- Nord-Fron
- Nordre Land
- Ringebu
- Sel
- Skjåk
- Søndre Land
- Sør-Aurdal
- Sør-Fron
- Vang
- Vestre Slidre
- Vestre Toten
- Vågå
- Østre Toten
- Øyer
- Øystre Slidre

Oslo

Østfold

- Aremark
- Askim
- Eidsberg
- Fredrikstad
- Halden
- Hobøl
- Hvaler
- Marker
- Moss
- Rakkestad
- Rygge
- Rømskog
- Råde
- Sarpsborg
- Skiptvet
- Spydeberg
- Trøgstad
- Våler

Rogaland

- Bjerkreim
- Bokn
- Eigersund
- Finnøy
- Forsand
- Gjesdal
- Haugesund
- Hjelmeland
- Hå
- Karmøy
- Klepp
- Kvitsøy
- Lund
- Randaberg
- Rennesøy
- Sandnes
- Sauda
- Sokndal
- Sola
- Stavanger
- Strand
- Suldal
- Time
- Tysvær
- Utsira
- Vindafjord
- Ølen

Sogn og Fjordane

- Askvoll
- Aurland
- Balestrand
- Bremanger
- Eid
- Fjaler
- Flora
- Førde
- Gaular
- Gloppen
- Gulen
- Hornindal
- Hyllestad
- Høyanger
- Jølster
- Leikanger
- Luster
- Lærdal
- Naustdal
- Selje
- Sogndal
- Solund
- Stryn
- Vik
- Vågsøy
- Årdal

Sør-Trøndelag

- Agdenes
- Bjugn
- Frøya
- Hemne
- Hitra
- Holtålen
- Klæbu
- Malvik
- Meldal
- Melhus
- Midtre Gauldal
- Oppdal
- Orkdal
- Osen
- Rennebu
- Rissa
- Roan
- Røros
- Selbu
- Skaun
- Snillfjord
- Trondheim
- Tydal
- Ørland
- Åfjord

Telemark

- Skien
- Porsgrunn
- Bamble
- Notodden
- Kragerø
- Nome
- Tinn
- Bø
- Sauherad
- Drangedal
- Vinje
- Seljord
- Kviteseid
- Tokke
- Siljan
- Hjartdal
- Nissedal
- Fyresdal

Troms

- Balsfjord
- Bardu
- Berg
- Bjarkøy
- Dyrøy
- Gratangen
- Harstad
- Ibestad
- Karlsøy
- Kvæfjord
- Kvænangen
- Kåfjord
- Lavangen
- Lenvik
- Lyngen
- Målselv
- Nordreisa
- Salangen
- Skjervøy
- Skånland
- Storfjord
- Sørreisa
- Torsken
- Tranøy
- Tromsø

Vest-Agder

- Audnedal
- Farsund
- Flekkefjord
- Hægebostad
- Kristiansand
- Kvinesdal
- Lindesnes
- Lyngdal
- Mandal
- Marnardal
- Sirdal
- Songdalen
- Søgne
- Vennesla
- Åseral

Vestfold

- Andebu
- Hof
- Holmestrand
- Horten
- Lardal
- Larvik
- Nøtterøy
- Re
- Sande
- Sandefjord
- Stokke
- Svelvik
- Tjøme
- Tønsberg

External links

- [http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/norway.htm Coat of Arms of counties and municipalities] Norway Norway

Category:Norwegian language

Category:Languages of Norway Language Category:North Germanic languages ko:분류:노르웨이어

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